Enhancing Educational Innovation in Underdeveloped Regions: A Management Model for Enhancing Entrepreneurial Competence in NTT Schools

Rosita Indrawati; Murpin Josua Sembiring; Liliana Dewi

doi:10.31538/ndhq.v10i2.170

Authors

Rosita Indrawati Ciputra University, Surabaya
Murpin Josua Sembiring Ciputra University Surabaya
Liliana Dewi Ciputra University Surabaya

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31538/ndhq.v10i2.170

Keywords:

Entrepreneurship Education, Education Management, Rural Schools, Stakeholders

Abstract

This study examines the systemic obstacles to entrepreneurship education in East Nusa Tenggara (NTT), one of Indonesia's most underdeveloped provinces. Rural institutions like SMPN 2 and SMPN 7 Sambi Rampas encounter significant obstacles: 83% of educators are untrained in entrepreneurship pedagogy, and only 21% of schools have access to entrepreneurial resources or local business networks. This research seeks to develop a pragmatic, context-sensitive educational model that enhances entrepreneurial skills among rural students. The study uses a qualitative approach involving four informants comprising school leaders, teachers, parents, and students through interviews, focus group discussions, and document analysis to derive grounded insights. Research indicates that adaptive school leadership, teacher peer mentoring, and parental engagement directly impact the success of student-led microbusiness initiatives. A notable revelation deemed a “Stunning Finding” is that women-led student cooperatives in these isolated regions surpass conventional school-operated business programs regarding sustainability, participation rates, and local innovation. Experiential and problem-based learning make this innovation model viable and replicable in under-resourced communities. It contests the belief that entrepreneurial success necessitates urban infrastructure, emphasising that inclusive, community-based educational models can convert rural schools into centres of innovation and resilience. The study concludes with a proposed framework for school-based entrepreneurship that emphasises leadership, collaboration, and gender-inclusive practices within rural education systems

References

Akyeampong, K. (2009). Revisiting free compulsory universal basic education (FCUBE) in Ghana. Comparative Education, 45(2), 175–195. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050060902920534

Aprilianto, A., Sirojuddin, A., & Afif, A. (2021). Strategi Manajemen Kepala Sekolah Dalam Meningkatkan Prestasi Belajar Peserta Didik. FATAWA: Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Islam, 2 (1), 107130.https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=12495117066057742643&hl=en&oi=scholarr

Aldrich, H., & Martinez, M. A. (2001). Many are called, but few are chosen: An evolutionary perspective for studying entrepreneurship. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Ali, A., & Birley, S. (1999). Integrating formal and informal mentors in the development of the novice entrepreneur. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 5(3), 91–108. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552559910283604

Bakar, R., Mahmood, R., & Ismail, R. (2021). The role of educational leadership in promoting school-based entrepreneurship. International Journal of Educational Management, 35(3), 574–589. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-06-2020-0306

Baker, T., & Nelson, R. E. (2005). Creating something from nothing: Resource construction through entrepreneurial bricolage. Administrative Science Quarterly, 50(3), 329–366. https://doi.org/10.2189/asqu.2005.50.3.329

Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. American Educational Research Journal, 34(3), 329–355. https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312034003329

Barringer, B. R., & Ireland, R. D. (2012). Entrepreneurship: Successfully launching new ventures (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.

Baxter, A., Chapman, D. W., DeJaeghere, J., Pekol, A. R., & Weiss, T. (2014). Youth Entrepreneurship Education and Training for Poverty Alleviation: A Review of International Literature and Local Experiences. In International Educational Innovation and Public Sector Entrepreneurship (Vol. 23, p. 0). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-3679(2013)0000023010

Bernardus, D. (2024). The effect of an experiential learning program on entrepreneurial mindset: A quasi-experimental study. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 13(2), 308–322. https://doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2024-0050

Boyd, N. G., & Vozikis, G. S. (1994). The influence of self‑efficacy on the development of entrepreneurial intentions and actions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18(4), 63–77.

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa

Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper & Row.

Burns, P. (2016). Entrepreneurship and small business (4th ed.). London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.

Bygrave, W. D., & Zacharakis, A. (2014). The portable MBA in entrepreneurship (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Cheung, S., & Au, W. (2002). A preliminary study on factors affecting start-up businesses in Hong Kong. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 8(3), 107–118. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552550210427568

Creswell J. W., Poth C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). Sage.

Day, C., Gu, Q., & Sammons, P. (2016). The impact of leadership on student outcomes: How successful school leaders use transformational and instructional strategies to make a difference. Educational administration quarterly, 52(2), 221-258.

Dewi, L., & Sandriana, R. (2025). The influence of financial literacy, financial self‑efficacy and locus of control on the financial behavior of Ciputra University students. Dinasti International Journal of Economics, Finance & Accounting, 6(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.38035/dijefa.v6i1.4104

Drucker, P. F. (1985). Innovation and entrepreneurship: Practice and principles. New York, NY: Harper & Row.

Dumay, J., & Guthrie, J. (2017). A critical reflection on the future of intellectual capital: From reporting to disclosure. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 18(4), 798–817. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-06-2017-0074

European Commission. (2023). Entrepreneurship Competence Framework (EntreComp). Publications Office of the European Union. https://op.europa.eu

Fadli, M. (2021). Metodologi penelitian kualitatif dalam pendidikan. Jakarta: Prenada Media.

Fayolle, A. (2007). Entrepreneurship and new value creation: The dynamic of the entrepreneurial process. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 4(4), 438–439. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2007.015731

Fayolle, A., & Gailly, B. (2015). The impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial attitudes and intention: Hysteresis and persistence. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(1), 75–93. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12065

Fayolle, A., & Liñán, F. (2014). The future of research on entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Research, 67(5), 663–666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.11.024

Freire, P. (1970). Pedagogy of the Oppressed (M. B. Ramos, Trans.). Herder and Herder.

Gibb, A. A. (2002). In pursuit of a new ‘enterprise’ and ‘entrepreneurship’ paradigm for learning. International Journal of Management Reviews, 4(3), 233–269. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2370.00086

Gruenewald, D. A. (2003). The best of both worlds: A critical pedagogy of place. Educational Researcher, 32(4), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X032004003

Guskey, T. R. (2002). Professional development and teacher change. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice, 8(3), 381-391. https://doi.org/10.1080/135406002100000511

Herdinata, C. (2024). The influence of entrepreneurship education and its implementation on entrepreneurial capacity, passion, and intentions. Jurnal Bisnis Perspektif, 16(2), 98–106.

Hisrich, R. D., Peters, M. P., & Shepherd, D. A. (2017). Entrepreneurship (10th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.

Ikhwan, A., & Qomariyah, S. N. (2022). Manajemen Sarana dan Prasarana di Era Disrupsi Sebagai Pendukung Proses Pembelajaran Pasca Pandemi Covid-19. JIE (Journal of Islamic Education), 7(1), 100-114.

Jones, C., & Iredale, N. (2010). Enterprise and small business: Principles, practice and policy (3rd ed.). Harlow, UK: Pearson Education.

Kaharuddin. (2021). Pendekatan kualitatif dalam penelitian pendidikan Islam. Surabaya: UIN Press.

Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. Prentice-Hall.

Kurniawati, H., Santosa, H. B., & Putra, M. A. (2022). Contextual entrepreneurship learning in rural Indonesian schools. Asian Education Studies, 7(1), 11–24.

Khan, M., Behrendt, K., Papadas, D., Arnold, L., & Sultana, A. (2025). From Inequalities to Inclusion: Sustainable Development for Smallholders. Sustainable Development, n/a(n/a). https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.70073

Lackéus, M. (2015). Entrepreneurship in education: What, why, when, how. OECD Education Working Papers, No. 163. https://doi.org/10.1787/5jrs3sbcrvzx-en

Lave, J., & Wenger, E. (1991). Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge university press.

Leithwood, K., & Jantzi, D. (2006). Transformational school leadership for large-scale reform: Effects on students, teachers, and their classroom practices. School effectiveness and school improvement, 17(2), 201-227.

Light, P. C. (2008). The search for social entrepreneurship. Brookings Institution Press. (cited as book later)

Maurer, I. (2010). How to build trust in interorganisational projects? Social Science Information, 49(3), 307–346. https://doi.org/10.1177/0539018410373599

Mezirow, J. (1991). Transformative dimensions of adult learning. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Miles, M. B. (2014). Huberman, AM, and Saldana, J. Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook.

Moberg, K., Jörgensen, L., & Madsen, P. M. (2014). Sustainability in small and medium-sized enterprises: A systematic review. Journal of Business Ethics, 125(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1899-9

Munastiwi, E., & Rukiyati, Y. (2021). Educational leadership in the era of industrial revolution 4.0 and society 5.0. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 11(1), 37–45. https://doi.org/10.36941/jesr-2021-0004

Mustakim, A., Hidayat, T., & Wahyudi, R. (2023). Narasi sebagai pendekatan dalam penelitian pendidikan. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.

Nabi, G., Walmsley, A., Liñán, F., Akhtar, I., & Neame, C. (2018). Does entrepreneurship education in the first year of higher education develop entrepreneurial intentions? Studies in Higher Education, 43(3), 452–467. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2016.1177716

Ndofirepi, T. M. (2020). Relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial goal intentions: psychological traits as mediators. Journal of innovation and entrepreneurship, 9(1), 2.

Neck, H. M., & Corbett, A. C. (2018). The scholarship of teaching and learning entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Education and Pedagogy, 1(1), 8–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515127417737286

Pittaway, L., & Cope, J. (2007). Entrepreneurship Education: A Systematic Review of the Evidence. International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship, 25(5), 479–510. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242607080656

Rae, D. (2006). Entrepreneurial learning: A conceptual framework for technology-based enterprise. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 18(1), 39–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537320500520494

Rauch, A., & Hulsink, W. (2015). Putting entrepreneurship education where the intention to act lies: An investigation into the impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial behavior. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 14(2), 187–204. https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2013.0177

Sembiring, M. J. (2023). Strategic management in fintech-based financial companies in Indonesia: Applying the resource-based view approach. Journal of Business and Economics Review, 4(1), 15–30.

Sunam, R., Sugden, F., Kharel, A., Sunuwar, T. R., & Ito, T. (2025). Unpacking youth engagement in agriculture: Land, labour mobility and youth livelihoods in rural Nepal. Journal of Agrarian Change, 25(1), e12611. https://doi.org/10.1111/joac.12611

Stevenson, H. H., & Jarillo, J. C. (1990). A paradigm of entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial management (Vol. 14). Btaylor & Francis.

UNESCO. (2022). Reimagining our futures together: A new social contract for education. Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

Urban, B., & Kujinga, L. (2017). The institutional environment and social entrepreneurship intentions. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 23(4), 638-655.

Welter, F., Baker, T., Audretsch, D. B., & Gartner, W. B. (2019). Everyday entrepreneurship—a call for entrepreneurship research to embrace entrepreneurial diversity. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 43(3), 341–351.

Wenger, E. (1998). Communities of practice: Learning, meaning, and identity. Cambridge University Press.

World Bank. (2023). Unlocking Indonesia’s digital potential in rural education. Washington, DC: World Bank Group.

Zhao, H. (2021). School-community partnerships in rural entrepreneurship education: Insights from low-income regions in Asia. International Review of Education, 67(3), 367–388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-021-09892-7